Software 1.0 easily automates what you can specify. Software 2.0 easily automates what you can verify.
Words found on the source page on Nov 6, 2026.
More from Andrej Karpathy
Blog2025 LLM Year in ReviewDec 19, 2025
And I've vibe coded entire ephemeral apps just to find a single bug because why not - code is suddenly free, ephemeral, malleable, discardable after single use. Vibe coding will terraform software and alter job descriptions.Blog2025 LLM Year in ReviewDec 19, 2025
Anthropic got this order of precedence correct and packaged CC into a delightful, minimal CLI form factor that changed what AI looks like - it's not just a website you go to like Google, it's a little spirit/ghost that "lives" on your computer.Blog2025 LLM Year in ReviewDec 19, 2025
LLMs are emerging as a new kind of intelligence, simultaneously a lot smarter than I expected and a lot dumber than I expected.Blog2025 LLM Year in ReviewDec 19, 2025
Training on the test set is a new art form. What does it look like to crush all the benchmarks but still not get AGI?Blog2025 LLM Year in ReviewDec 19, 2025
We're not "evolving/growing animals", we are "summoning ghosts".BlogVerifiabilityNov 17, 2025
The more a task/job is verifiable, the more amenable it is to automation in the new programming paradigm.PodcastDwarkesh Podcast: AGI is still a decade awayOct 17, 2025
I do, but it’s business as usual because we’re in an intelligence explosion already and have been for decades.PodcastDwarkesh Podcast: AGI is still a decade awayOct 17, 2025
If you talk to a billion parameter model, I think in 20 years, you can have a very productive conversation.PodcastDwarkesh Podcast: AGI is still a decade awayOct 17, 2025
In my mind, education is the very difficult technical process of building ramps to knowledge.PodcastDwarkesh Podcast: AGI is still a decade awayOct 17, 2025
In my mind, this is more accurately described as the decade of agents.PodcastDwarkesh Podcast: AGI is still a decade awayOct 17, 2025
Reinforcement learning is a lot worse than I think the average person thinks.PodcastDwarkesh Podcast: AGI is still a decade awayOct 17, 2025
The reason you don’t do it today is because they just don’t work.PodcastDwarkesh Podcast: AGI is still a decade awayOct 17, 2025
The way I like to put it is you’re sucking supervision through a straw.PodcastDwarkesh Podcast: AGI is still a decade awayOct 17, 2025
We’re building ghosts or spirits or whatever people want to call it, because we’re not doing training by evolution. We’re doing training by imitation of humans and the data that they’ve put on the Internet.PodcastDwarkesh Podcast: AGI is still a decade awayOct 17, 2025
What takes the long amount of time and the way to think about it is that it’s a march of nines.BlogPower to the people: How LLMs flip the script on technology diffusionApr 7, 2025
As far as I can tell, the average person has never experienced a technological unlock this dramatic, this fast.BlogPower to the people: How LLMs flip the script on technology diffusionApr 7, 2025
Mary, Jim and Joes are experiencing the majority of the benefit, not Google or the government of the United States.BlogPower to the people: How LLMs flip the script on technology diffusionApr 7, 2025
So it strikes me as quite unique and remarkable that LLMs display a dramatic reversal of this pattern - they generate disproportionate benefit for regular people, while their impact is a lot more muted and lagging in corporations and governments.
On the same topics
BlogThinking in Systems, Shipping in LoopsSep 24, 2026
AI has removed the typing from software engineering & left the system design.BlogThinking in Systems, Shipping in LoopsSep 24, 2026
The craft of fitting code together by hand is over; what remains is designing the loop that decides whether the output is right.BlogThinking in Systems, Shipping in LoopsSep 24, 2026
This is the new software engineering: designing the systems that let AI write code correctly at scale.BlogFrontier OverhangsSep 21, 2026
What this means is that model performance isn’t the only thing that matters: the integration between model and harness is where true agent differentiation is found.BlogThe OverhangSep 18, 2026
In fact, the new GPT-6 Astra and Fable 5.1 are already enough for transformative impact in large sections of the economy and they can reliably do weeks worth of human work when properly guided and harnessed.BlogThe OverhangSep 18, 2026
Making great things with AI means knowing which AI outputs to keep, which to discard, and which to use as raw material for something the AI would never have generated on its own.
About this quote
Quotesby Glyph